The Process And Principles Of Money Laundering Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3696 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Introduction Money laundering can defined as process of transforming illegal money earned to become legal money which is come from legal activities. According to Shijia Gao et al (2009) in HM Treasury 2004, Money Laundering is a term usually used to describe the ways in which criminals process illegal or dirty money derived from the proceeds of any illegal (e.g. the proceeds of a drug-dealing, human trafficking, fraud, embezzlement, insider trading, bribery, theft or tax evasion) through a succession of a transfers and deals until the source of illegally acquired funds is obscured and the money take on the appearance of legitimate or clean funds or assets. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Process And Principles Of Money Laundering Finance Essay" essay for you Create order In order to have a deep understanding on money laundering, we must understand in term of capital flight and smurfing. According to financial dictionary, capital flight means rapid withdrawal of capital (capital flight) from a country as a result of loss of confidence in its government. It is also means how much the money move to another point to another, driven by possible gains or concerns about government policies. Another term is smurfing that are related directly to smurf which are person who help move the funds from one institution to another or from one country to another. A smurfing operation will involve a major coordinator called papa smurf who will direct is smurfs to make deposits of drug profits at a large number of banks, usually ally at numbers just below local reporting requirements, like drug-smuggling airplanes that fly below radar screens. Usually, money laundering activities occurs in places that extensive banks secrecy laws, weak financial regulatory regimes, l ake enforcement, and corruption. In order to make money laundering, there are three stages that a launderer always do such as placement, layering, and integration. Placement According to Ricardo Baba (2007), its a phase placement of currency into a financial services institution. Its could be a bank, a brokerage house, and so on. Placement also can define as a proceeds from illegal activities into the financial system in such manner as to avoid detection by financial institutions and government authorities by referring to Shijia Gao et al (2009) in IFAC (2002). Usually, there are several places or technique that a money launderer can use to place their money such as bank institution, insurance institution, real property or lottery business, casinos or other gambling venues, Shell Company or front company, and offshore corporation or offshore financial centre. It can be explained as below: Bank institution Bank institution used by a launderer because of bank secrecy which is most applied in many countries. It is also because bank institution have offer several of services such as deposit, loan, acceptance, discount, foreign exchange, settlement and so on. Thus, it helps launderer to transfer funds across international borders with a convenient and prompt. An example case of money laundering using bank institution can be shown as below: In January 2011, Johor Baharu- The session court was found and discharged a police officer of money laundering involved RM3.8 million between 2002 and 2005. Judge Salawati Djambari made a decision after found the prosecution was failed to prove a prima facie against Supt. Azmi Osman, 55. Azmi, who is suspended from his job, was accused of receiving RM2.08 million through a money-laundering operation in current account at a Malayan Banking Berhad, Jalan Haji Kassim Mentakab between 6 Feb and Dec 20, 2002. In the second charge, he was accused of receiving RM679 850 in the same account between Jan 15 and Oct 2. He was also accused of receiving RM941 930 in another current account at Lot M1-22, Level 3, Johor Baharu City Square, 106-108 Jalan Wong Ah Fook between Jan 13 and Nov 17, 2004 and subsequently RM250 000 in the same account on April 5, 2005 Source: The Malaysian Insider News Insurance Institution This intuition can help to disguise the origin and the nature of illegal proceeds and gains obtained from its buying, altering and surrendering insurance policies and filing insurance claims in order to advert the tracing of the authorities. An example of case can be explained as follow: A drug trafficker purchased a life insurance policy with a value of US$80,000. The policy was purchased through an agent of a large life insurance company using a cashiers cheque. The investigation showed that the client had made it known that the funds used to finance the policy were the proceeds of drug trafficking. In light of fact, the agent charged significantly higher commission. Three months following this transaction, the investigation showed that the drug dealer cashed in this policy. Source: Ping He (2010) in FATF 2005 Real Property or Lottery A lucky lottery buyer won 14.3 millions dollars in the Mass Millionaire Projects of Massachusetts. Before he cashed the prize wining lotteries, he sold half of them to a company, whose owner was the head of criminal group in Boston Don Shan, a notorious gang. Purchasing those lotteries was exactly a money laundering scheme, which was discovered by the police when they traced the dirty money gained by this group. Just at this time the gang head was about to cash the lotteries he bought, a joint suspension order was given by the court and the State Lottery Administrative Committee to freeze the wining lotteries, when the case just broken. It is a new channel for a money launderer to keep their money to become legal such as buying a land using illegal money. An example of case can be shown as follows: Source: Ping He (2010) in Weimin, 2005b Casinos or other gambling venues In casinos, chips are bought with cash, then after a period time during which gambling may or not take place; the chips are traded in a check from the casinos, perhaps in the name of third party. Thus, the chips can be transform back into cash and become legal money. Shell company or front company According to Ping He (2010), Shell Company refers to the company that does not have funds or enough funds required by law, do not have organizational structure or fixed premises for the production and operation. Front company established by the criminals indicates the company with a legal personality, legal business activities, legal operation income, while whose establishment is for the purpose of the laundering the proceeds of crime instead of making profits. These companies used by criminals as a source of illicit the money with a full of control of the company. The example case can be shown as below: Harry embezzled a sizeable amount of mon ey from a company for which he had used to work. As time passed, he had managed to spend a sizeable amount but had begun to consider which locations- other than his home- he would use to hide the money, as it was a small village in Europe and hid the money in the banking system, using his company as a cover, by claiming the cash was part of his regular income. To avoid difficult face to face questions from the bank employees, he deposited approximately US$14,000- the majority in old bills- into the banks night safe. As the night safe was emptied the following day, Harrys deposited immediately raised suspicions. How could a car service attract so much income in one day? The financial intelligence unit (FIU) disseminated a report to the police after being informed by the bank. The polices involvement into the money, Harry mixed the illicit money with the business income by establishing the car service station which was served as a front company. Source: Ping He (2010) in FIUs in action- 100 cases from Egmont Group. Case 15 (Weimin, 2005a, p. 173) Offshore corporation or offshore financial centre Over a period of three years, Mr X repatriated the funds to Country Y for his use and benefit. He was assisted by lawyers and accountants using false transactions and offshore corporations. Mr Y, formerly a lawyer, facilitated Mr Xs repatriation scheme by managing Mr Xs offshore corporation and banks accounts in several important financial centre. Mr Y drafted documents that purported to be loan agreements between offshore shell corporation and a Mr X nominee in Country Y. These loan agreements served as a basis for the transfer of millions from banks accounts in several different countries to the Mr Xs home country. Offshore corporation or offshore financial centre is an institution that has less strict regulations through a legal method. According to Weimin (2005), corporations which are registered in these areas, whose investors are not required to go the areas personally, and whose businesses can be directly operated anywh ere throughout the world are called offshore corporations. It can attract a money launderer to go on these places. An example cases can be shown as below: Source: Ping He (2010) in FATF, 2003-2004 Layering It is a second stage in money laundering process. According to Shijia Gao et al (2009), layering is the process of generating a series or layer of transactions to distance the proceeds from their illegal source and obscure the audit trail. It is also known as a main wash-stage, the launderer try to conceal or disguise the source of funds, by making money around the world in order to hide the origin of the money. Usually there are several techniques most famous used in layering stage such as electronic transfer funds, offshore banks, shell corporations, trusts, walking account, and intermediaries. It can be explained as follows: Electronic Fund Transfers (EFT). According to Australian Analysts Transaction Reports (2008), Electronic Fund Transfers help in layering process by moving money using EFT into and out of domestic and offshore banks account of fictitious individuals and shell companies. Moreover, sometimes information on daily money transactions is limited f or authorities making them difficult to recognize or distinguish between the clean money and dirty money. The example can be shown as below: In order to launder a large sum of money, one criminal syndicate decided to break up the whole capital into parts, and Ralph, a laundering expert in this syndicate, planned to take advantage of payment of smart card. First, Ralph established in country B online entertainment company which could obtain its service fee through smart card. Then, Ralph instigated his laundering employees throughout Country B to pay US$700 to US$800 to buy the same of smart card whose maximum amount of smart card. These deposits for consuming are US$820 from the local distributor of smart card. These buyers enjoyed the service offered by the online entertainment company and paid the bill online or promptly, which was repeated once in three times a week per capita until the capital was totally transformed into the service income of the company. After having receiv ed the service fee paid by its employees, the company successfully turned the criminal proceeds into legal income. Source: Ping He (2010) in Shaping (2003) Offshore banks. Offshore banks become places for layering process because they allow an establishment account for non-residents and corporations. It is also have a lower law and regulation for an establishment of account. Furthermore, offshore banks are very popular for a tax evaders and officials corrupt. It becomes easier because according to Australian Analyst Transaction (2008), some offshore centers combine loose anti-money laundering procedures with strict bank secrecy rules. Criminal can easily maintain and transfer fund from banks in these centers because the detail of client are generally denied to third parties, including most law enforcement agencies. An example can be shown as below: Banana Banks in the United Apple allows for an establishment account for non-residents. Larry Launder, a non-resident of the United Apple, has a numerous accounts with Banana Banks in the name of different individuals and companies. Larry is a resident of the Republic Watermelon. Fund s from illegal activities of Republic Watermelon are placed into Larry accounts with Banana Banks using different placement techniques. Once the funds are placed, Larry Launder instructs Banana Bank to various transfers and payments, thereby distancing funds from their origins. Source: Australian Transaction Report and Analysis Centre: Layering Techniques (2008) Shell corporations Shell corporations usually a company that establishment under a legal corporate laws but does not actually conduct a business which is used it to engage in fictitious transactions or hold accounts and assets to disguise the actual ownership of these accounts and assets. An example can be shown as below: Larry Launder sets up Apricot Trading Co. under the laws of the United Apple. Apricot Trading Co. opens bank accounts with several of banks. Smurf working for Larry Launder transfers illegal funds to the Apricot Trading Co. accounts. Apricot Trading Co. transfers these funds to other accounts or invests them in securities. Source: Australian Transaction Report and Analysis Centre: Layering Techniques (2008) Trusts Trusts are legal arrangement for holding funds or assets for a specified case which is assets or funds are managed by a trustee for benefit of specified beneficiaries. It can help in layering process because they enable to create a fake papers trail and transactions. Moreover, secrecy and anonymity rules help to conceal the identity of the true owner or beneficiary of true assets. An example can be as below: Larry Launder establishes a business trust by appointing a corporate trustee and drawing a deed of trust, which names Apricot Trading Co. as a beneficiary. Larry Launder transfer funds to the corporate trustee and under a deed of trust, Apricot Trading Co. are empowered to directly use and invest funds. Source: Australian Transaction Report and Analysis Centre: Layering Techniques (2008) Walking accounts Walking accounts also known as capital flight. According to Australian report transactions (2008), Walking account is an account for which account holder has provided standing instructions that all funds be transferred immediately on receipt to another to one or more other accounts. By setting up a series of walking account, criminal automatically create several layers as soon as many funds transfer occurs. It usually using by criminals because it is difficult to detect and money move very fast around the world. An example can be shown as below: Using Shell corporations, Larry Launder sets up three accounts with three different banks. He provides instructions to transfer all funds immediately on receipt to one or more of the other accounts. Smurfs deposits cash into the first account. Without the need for further account, the funds are layered by being transferred to the third account. Source: Australian Transfer Report and Analysis Centre: Layering Techniques (2008) Intermediaries According to Australian report transactions (2008), Lawyers, accountants, and other professional may be used as intermediaries between the illegal funds and criminal. Professionals engage in transactions on behalf of criminal client who remains anonymous. These transactions may include the use of shell corporations, fictitious records paper trails. Money launderer likes to use intermediaries because they lend credibility and decrease suspicion. In addition, these professional generally have confidentiality obligations of their clients so their risk of money launderer getting caught is low. An example can be shown as below: Larry Launder transfers funds to special account for client funds maintain by the law firm Shady Hustler. Shady Hustler establishes a shell corporation, Apricot Trading Co., which opens various banks account. Shady Hustler now transfers Larry funds into these accounts. Source: Australian Transaction Report and Analysis Centre: Layering Techniques (2008) Cash smuggling In November 1991, the money laundering case by smuggling cash in human body was reported by John F. Kennedy International airport customs authority. A female Ghana immigrant, under interrogation of customs officers, acknowledged carrying $9,000 in cash just under the customs declarations point of $10,000. Nevertheless, customs officers found $24,000 small bank notes packed in some sheets in her luggage, $224,000 in 100 cash rolls hided in shampoo bottles, and $53,000 in small bags in her stomach, which was detected by X-ray test. Cash smuggling is an attempt to bring out the money outside a country with an illegal ways. According to Ping He (2010), cash smuggling is a method of money laundering in which the proceeds of crime are stealthily moved cross border, and then deposited in banking institution, paid for real estate or invested to establish companies. An example case of cash smuggling can be shown as below: Source: Ping He (2010) in Dupuis- Danon (2006) International Trade International trade can help to disguise illegal money because the origin of the money illegal money can be healed. Moreover, they can easily transfer the illegal money back into a country using the trade transaction to justify payment through financial system. An example of case can be shown as below: A Brazilian company signs a contract to export soybeans to a German company who prepays the Brazilian company for the shipment. The Brazilian company immediately transfers the funds to a third party that is unrelated to the transaction. The soybeans that were purchased by the German company are never shipped. In this case, the German company transferred the funds to the Brazilian company as an advance for a shipment of soybeans. Suspicious were raised when it was found that export of soybeans were inconsistent with the scale of the companys operations. Source: Ping He (2010) in FATF, 2006 Integration Integration is a last stage is money laundering process. Usually, there are several ways used in integration stage which can be explained as below: Credit and debit cards Credit and debit card used for entering the illegal funds to engage in financial systems. According to Australian Transfer Reports (2008), By maintaining an account in offshore jurisdiction through which payment are made, the criminal limit the financial trail that leads to their country residence. An example can be shown as below: Larry Launder transfers illegal funds into an offshore banks account. He also signs up for debit card and credit cards in the banks. He used the debit card and credit card to make payment for purchases and transactions around the world. Source: Australian Transaction Report and Analysis Centre: Integration and Techniques (2008) Consultants According to Australian Transfer Report (2008), Consultants is an arrangement that can cover a wide range of non-quantifiable services and often used to integrate illegal funds into legitimate financial systems. They usually employs by the criminal to do a legal work which is involve in purchasing assets and selling an assets, and manage the payment for the criminal behalf. An example can be shown as below: Larry Launder sets up a shell corporation and related bank account in an offshore jurisdiction. The shell corporation hires a consultant. The consultant performs services and makes payments for Shell Corporation. The consultant is paid by the shell corporation. Source: Australian Transaction Report and Analysis Center: Integration and Techniques (2008) Corporate Financing Corporate financing has offered a various ways to transfer funds between companies. It is because corporate financing usually combined a number of other techniques, including the use of offshore banks, consultants, complex financial agreements, electronic fund transfer, Shell Corporation, and actual business. Thus, it allows money launderer to integrate very large amounts of money into legitimate financial system. An example can be shown as below: Larry Launder sets up a shell corporation and related bank account in an offshore jurisdiction. He also sets up a legitimate business in his country of residence. Using illegal money in an offshore account, Shell Corporation makes a business loan to, or equity investment in, the legitimate business. Source: Australian Transaction Report and Analysis Center: Integration and Techniques (2008) Asset sales and purchases Larry Launder sets up a shell corporation and related bank account in an offshore jurisdiction. He also owns or controls a legitimate business or real estate in his country residence. The shell corporation purchases the business or real estate at an inflated price. The earning from these transactions is treated as legitimate profits. An asset sales and purchases make a criminal earn legal funds or profits by purchasing or selling their assets. An example can be shown as below: Source: Australian Transaction Report and Analysis Center: Integration and Techniques (2008) Business recycle According to Australian Transfer Report (2008), Legitimate businesses that also serve as a conduit for money laundering are referred as a front business. Cash-intensive retail business is some of the most traditional methods of money laundering. This technique combines the different stages of the money laundering process. The principal requirement when using businesses as a front is that they have a high cash sales and turnover. This way it become easy for criminal to merge illegal funds and difficult to for authorities to spot the scheme. An example can be shown as below: Larry Launders owns or controls a legitimate, cash intensive car wash business. Larry deposits illegal funds into business. These funds are treated as revenue from legitimate businesses. Source: Australian Transaction Report and Analysis Center: Integration and Techniques (2008) Export or import transactions Larry Launder sets up an import company in foreign country as well as an export company in his home residence. They exports goods to the foreign import company. The import company remits illegal funds to pay for the goods on an over invoices basis. This methods help moves illegal funds between countries by trading export goods to the foreign trading company on an invoice basis and the earning or profits of the transactions will consider as legal profits. An example can be shown as below: Source: Australian Transaction Report and Analysis Center: Integration and Techniques (2008) Recommendation A good understanding on money laundering is very important for everyone in this world. It is because money laundering can destroy moral to generation and it also can cause a big of danger such as terrorist financing which is finally cause war. It is because good sense in money laundering also helps to prevent and punish people who are involved in money laundering by reporting to the authorities to take an action. Various techniques to prevent and identify money laundering from happening should be done in order to avoid the consequences of money laundering from happening. Every country should apply the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) in order to prevent the use of financial system for money laundering. Conclusion Money laundering is one criminal activities which is can be categorize as a white collar crime that involved in transforming illegal money to legal money. There are three stages that involved in money laundering process such as placement, layering, and integration. These three stages are playing an important role in money laundering which is every stages have their own technique to wash the dirty money. Thus, when all the stages has completed, the money or fund became a legal money.

Charles Dickens Great Expectations - 2277 Words

Although Charles Dickens’ classic novel Great Expectations was published in 1861, modern-day playwrights, authors, and directors go to great lengths to preserve its timelessness. Many of these writers feel that the best way to keep the novel relevant to society is to alter the original novel to make it culturally relevant or acceptable. The idea of cultural studies in regards to literature and literary criticism began in the 1950s and â€Å"involves viewing and analyzing practically any recorded phenomenon, present or past, as a social text† (Richter 1325). One movement in particular that sought to revive Great Expectations as a social text and therefore retain its social relevance is the movement of Postmodernism. Postmodernism is simply described as a separation from reality and emphasizes the self as coming from within. Although there have been many comic, play, and film adaptations of Great Expectations, there are two directors who take very different cultural viewp oints for their film adaptations. David Lean’s Great Expectations was released in England in 1946. Lean’s modern adaptation catered to a post-World War II audience. Because of this audience, Lean’s adaptation incorporates elements of a fairytale imagery and gothic horror. Another director, Alfonso Cuarà ³n, also modernized Great Expectations to maintain the novel’s cultural relevance. Cuarà ³n’s adaptation was released in America in 1998. This adaptation appeals to a â€Å"Generation X† audience, incorporating themes suchShow MoreRelatedGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens1113 Words   |  5 Pagesadventures that the male characters go on. This seems to be relevant in a lot of movies and books like the story Great Expectations by Charles Dickens. 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Imagine two students, one depressed and one not, w Essay Example For Students

Imagine two students, one depressed and one not, w Essay ho have both done well on a paper. Using the dimensions of attribution compare the depressed student?s attributions to that of the non-depressed student and explain how their attributions correspond to theImagine two students, one depressed and one not, who have both done well on a paper. Using the dimensions of attribution compare the depressed students attributions to that of the non-depressed student and explain how their attributions correspond to their degree of depression. As naive psychologists (Hogg ; Vaughan, 2002), we make assessments about our environment and come to conclusions about events and behaviour we experience. These attributions we make effect how we feel about situations and our expectations about future events (modelling paper). In the context of failure and success, a non-depressed person will generally attribute success to their own efforts (internal) and attribute failure to circumstantial dimensions (external). This correspondence bias serves to maintain and protect self-esteem in a healthy person (Hogg ; Vaughan, 2002). A depressed person will make the opposite attributions. Making internal attributions in the event of failure and external attributions in the event of success allows the person to maintain negative perceptions of themselves and the world and allows the continuation of low self-expectations. (Pyszczynski ; Greenberg, 1985)The non-depressed student, in the role of actor, is likely to make internal attributions for th eir success on a paper e.g. their grade is due to their intelligence and/or effort made in that subject. This is an example of a self-serving bias, more specifically, a self-enhancing bias (Hogg ; Vaughan, 2002). The non-depressed student is not likely to consider any external factors toward their success as valid as this will enable them to maintain self-esteem and ego (Hogg ; Vaughan, 2002) . The depressed student is typically going to make opposite attributions to the non-depressed student. In the role of actor, the depressed student will attribute their success to external causes e.g. they were lucky or the paper was particularly easy (Albery et al., 2004) The depressed student will focus on external explanations for their success when behaviour is inconsistent with the perceivers expectations e.g. when they do well on a paper, but expect to do poorly. (CITE!)Weiner claimed we use 3 causal dimensions of locus, stability and controllability, when making an attribution (Hogg Vaug han, 2002). Locus concerns whether the cause is perceived as being internal or external to the actor; stability refers to whether the causes are temporary or permanent in nature; and controllability concerns whether the cause is perceived as being controllable or uncontrollable (Albery et al., 2004). Using Weiners attribution model of motivation (1986, 1995), the non-depressed student will view their success as an internal, stable and controllable attribution, as they believe their grade is due to their own intelligence and effort, which is a permanent factor in their environment and can be repeated. The depressed student will see their success as an external, unstable, uncontrollable attribution. They believe their grade is due to an easy paper, or luck, which is a temporary factor and may not be repeated. (Albery et al., 2004; Hogg Vaughan, 2002)The non-depressed student will engage in a self-enhancing bias in order to maintain and enhance their self-esteem, the self-enhancing bi as is essentially ego serving (Hogg Vaughan, 2002). The internal attributions made by the non-depressed student will make them feel pleased with themselves, proud of their success and generally happy as their ego and self-esteem have been improved. The depressed student will make external attributions for their success as it will encourage negative affect (Pyszczynski Greenberg, 1985). The external attributions allow the student to discard their success as an anomaly in their perceived negative environment and will promote their negative self-image and low self-esteem (Hogg Vaughan, 2002; Pyszczynski Greenberg, 1985). .ucec2a63468677918fa080f20b6a8543c , .ucec2a63468677918fa080f20b6a8543c .postImageUrl , .ucec2a63468677918fa080f20b6a8543c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ucec2a63468677918fa080f20b6a8543c , .ucec2a63468677918fa080f20b6a8543c:hover , .ucec2a63468677918fa080f20b6a8543c:visited , .ucec2a63468677918fa080f20b6a8543c:active { border:0!important; } .ucec2a63468677918fa080f20b6a8543c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ucec2a63468677918fa080f20b6a8543c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ucec2a63468677918fa080f20b6a8543c:active , .ucec2a63468677918fa080f20b6a8543c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ucec2a63468677918fa080f20b6a8543c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ucec2a63468677918fa080f20b6a8543c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ucec2a63468677918fa080f20b6a8543c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ucec2a63468677918fa080f20b6a8543c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ucec2a63468677918fa080f20b6a8543c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ucec2a63468677918fa080f20b6a8543c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ucec2a63468677918fa080f20b6a8543c .ucec2a63468677918fa080f20b6a8543c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ucec2a63468677918fa080f20b6a8543c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Mr. Ayala Essay The non-depressed student, as in most people not suffering from low self-esteem, will expect to succeed. This expectation, coupled with the outcome of success leads the student to believe that their success is to do with their effort, ignoring any possible or probable external causes (Hogg Vaughan, 2002). This again, maintains self-esteem and ego. The depressed student, in sync with their negative self-perceptions, will expect failure, so

Macbeth Essay Essays (1533 words) - Characters In Hamlet, Fiction

Macbeth Essay Person's thoughts will differ from their actions, be it the fear of being the same or different from others, the consequences of their actions, or the opinions that others may form about them. People live their lives like drones, always conforming to the rules, afraid to brake away from the norm and do what they know or even feel to be the right thing to do simply because they might cause a ripple in the smooth little lake in which their boat is afloat. Within the Playwright Hamlet, by William Shakespeare, Hamlet suffers from such dilemma. Hamlet refuses to act on what he knows to be accurate, always reassuring himself of his lack of action. Hamlet also acts in a manner which some may wish to call lunacy. This is due to the loss in which he has suffered, as well as he is just pretending to fool the people who he is plotting against. Hamlet's father, King Hamlet, was the greatest king Denmark had ever seen. Respected and revered by all with the exception of his brother, Claudius. Claudius had envied his older brother since boyhood, the king living the life that Claudius had always wanted. A wife, a son, and a kingdom were all the holdings possessed by King Hamlet, holdings and possessions that Claudius would soon make his, by the killing of his brother. Though Hamlet feels that his mother's marriage to Claudius was to soon after the death of King Hamlet, he does not suspect Claudius killed king Hamlet until told of a sighting of a ghost by some guards while on watch. Hamlet tells Polonious that he will stand watch that night with them to see if they can see the ghost again. That night Hamlet stands watch with Polonious and the ghost appears before them. The ghost tells Hamlet that he is his father, and of how he was killed. Hamlet is told that while his father lay under the shade of a tree Claudius came to him an d poured poison in his ear and caused his death instantaneously not allowing him time to repent of his sins, therefore condemning him to be trapped between the two paranormal worlds. The ghost then tells Hamlet to avenge his death. Though hamlet agrees to kill Claudius he does not kill him forthright. Hamlet hesitates and seems to invalidate every possible moment or opportunity that arises to take the life of Claudius. His reason for his hesitation is not known and one can only guess at what they may be. It could be that he doesn't believe the ghost. He could be afraid of hurting his mother by killing her second husband, or the fact that he is his uncle. What ever the reason is, he doses hesitate, and by doing so causes more pain and suffering for more people than if he would have killed Claudius forthright. The first example noted of such hesitation by Hamlet within the play if found within act three scene three where Hamlet contemplates the extermination of Claudius while he seems to be at prayer. ? Now might I do it pat, now he's praying. And (P70-71) Within this paragraph Hamlet will eventually state that he cannot kill Claudius due to the fact that to kill him at prayer would only send him to heaven and not eternally damn him to the bowels of hell. Hamlet thinks that if he killed Claudius while he was at prayer and he was sent to heaven that it would be unfair to his father who is eternally trapped between the present and the afterlife. That is at least the reason that is given by Hamlet directly from the text. Though by the reading the entire book you will see a patter of actions and lack of actions that seem to signify that he only acts insane so to disorientate the other people within the story. Yet knowing that his father was murdered, who murdered him, and what Hamlet was asked to do to seek vengeance he feels that he has to constantly reassure himself of his lack of action was right so that he doesn't feel like he is failing his father. Hamlet is mad